# Quick Start Guide: Optimal Classification Trees

This is an R version of the corresponding OptimalTrees quick start guide.

In this example we will use Optimal Classification Trees (OCT) on the banknote authentication dataset. First we load in the data and split into training and test datasets:

df <- read.table("data_banknote_authentication.txt", sep = ",",
col.names = c("variance", "skewness", "curtosis", "entropy",
"class"))

   variance skewness curtosis  entropy class
1   3.62160   8.6661 -2.80730 -0.44699     0
2   4.54590   8.1674 -2.45860 -1.46210     0
3   3.86600  -2.6383  1.92420  0.10645     0
4   3.45660   9.5228 -4.01120 -3.59440     0
5   0.32924  -4.4552  4.57180 -0.98880     0
6   4.36840   9.6718 -3.96060 -3.16250     0
7   3.59120   3.0129  0.72888  0.56421     0
8   2.09220  -6.8100  8.46360 -0.60216     0
9   3.20320   5.7588 -0.75345 -0.61251     0
10  1.53560   9.1772 -2.27180 -0.73535     0
11  1.22470   8.7779 -2.21350 -0.80647     0
12  3.98990  -2.7066  2.39460  0.86291     0
[ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 1360 rows ]
X <- df[, 1:4]
y <- df[, 5]
split <- iai::split_data("classification", X, y, seed = 1)
train_X <- split$train$X
train_y <- split$train$y
test_X <- split$test$X
test_y <- split$test$y


### Optimal Classification Trees

We will use a grid_search to fit an optimal_tree_classifier:

grid <- iai::grid_search(
iai::optimal_tree_classifier(
random_seed = 1,
),
max_depth = 1:5,
)
iai::fit(grid, train_X, train_y)
iai::get_learner(grid)

Optimal Trees Visualization

We can make predictions on new data using predict:

iai::predict(grid, test_X)

 [1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[39] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 352 entries ]

We can evaluate the quality of the tree using score with any of the supported loss functions. For example, the misclassification on the training set:

iai::score(grid, train_X, train_y, criterion = "misclassification")

[1] 0.9989583

Or the AUC on the test set:

iai::score(grid, test_X, test_y, criterion = "auc")

[1] 0.9956332

We can also plot the ROC curve on the test set:

iai::roc_curve(grid, test_X, test_y, positive_label = 1)

ROC

### Optimal Classification Trees with Hyperplanes

To use Optimal Classification Trees with hyperplane splits (OCT-H), you should set the hyperplane_config parameter:

grid <- iai::grid_search(
iai::optimal_tree_classifier(
random_seed = 1,
max_depth = 2,
hyperplane_config = list(sparsity = "all"),
),
)
iai::fit(grid, train_X, train_y)
iai::get_learner(grid)

Optimal Trees Visualization

Now we can find the performance on the test set with hyperplanes:

iai::score(grid, test_X, test_y, criterion = "auc")

[1] 1

It seems that a very small tree with a hyperplane splits is able to model this dataset perfectly.

### Optimal Classification Trees with Logistic Regression in Leaves

You can also train a tree with logistic regression fitted in the leaf after fixing the tree structure with the refit_learner parameter:

grid <- iai::grid_search(
iai::optimal_tree_classifier(
random_seed = 1,
minbucket = 10,
refit_learner = iai::grid_search(
iai::optimal_feature_selection_classifier(),
sparsity = 1:3,
),
),
max_depth = 1:2,
)
iai::fit(grid, train_X, train_y)
iai::get_learner(grid)

Optimal Trees Visualization
iai::score(grid, test_X, test_y, criterion = "auc")

[1] 0.9979956

It seems that a tree with a single split and logistic regressions in the leaves is able to model this dataset almost perfectly.

For more details on classification trees with logistic regression, see the guide to classification trees with logistic regression.